Ring of the Fisherman

Anulus piscatoris of Pope Leo XIII.

The Ring of the Fisherman (Latin: Anulus piscatoris; Italian: Anello Piscatorio), also known as the Piscatory Ring, is an official part of the regalia worn by the pope, who according to Catholic theology is the head of the Catholic Church and successor of Saint Peter, who was a fisherman by trade. It used to feature a bas-relief of Peter fishing from a boat, a symbolism derived from the tradition that the apostles were "fishers of men" (Mark 1:17). The Fisherman's Ring is a signet used until 1842 to seal official documents signed by the pope Since at least the Middle Ages it has been a tradition for Catholics meeting the pope to show their devotion by kissing the ring.

History

A letter written by Pope Clement IV to his nephew in the 13th century includes the earliest known mention of the Ring of the Fisherman, which was used for sealing the pope's private correspondence. Public documents, by contrast, were sealed by stamping a different papal seal onto lead which was attached to the document. Such documents were historically called papal bulls, named after the stamped bulla (seal) of lead. By the 15th century, the fisherman's ring began to be used to seal papal briefs, which are official but less formal documents. That practice ended in 1842, when the sealing wax was replaced by a stamp which affixed the same device in red ink. Lead seals continue to be used for apostolic letters.

The longstanding custom of kissing an episcopal ring (i.e., the ring of a bishop, including the pope), accompanied by the bending of the knee or the bowing of the head, was firmly established by the Middle Ages. A partial indulgence associated with kissing the Fisherman's Ring was granted by Pope Pius X in the early 20th century. However, Paul VI abolished this custom as well as other acts of subservience to the pope, such as the kissing of the pope's foot and cheek. The practice of kissing the ring has endured, although Francis sometimes discouraged it.

Creation and design

A new ring is traditionally cast for each pope, and the design features an image of Saint Peter along with an inscription of the pope's name in Latin. (For example, Benedictus XVI for Benedict XVI.) Past popes have used rings of various designs reflecting their own tastes. Pius IX's ornate ring contained more than a hundred diamonds; John XXIII's ring was a simple cameo, and John Paul II used hammered gold. Benedict XVI's ring was created by eight artisans under the direction of Claudio Franchi, a Roman goldsmith, and consisted of 35 grams of gold. Although the Fisherman's Ring is traditionally made of gold, Francis (reigned 2013-2025) chose one of gold-plated silver. Unusually, Francis's ring was based on a previously designed ring, created by Italian sculptor Enrico Manfrini (d. 2004) for Paul VI.

Presentation

Pope Benedict XVI wearing his papal ring in 2005

During the ceremony of a papal coronation or papal inauguration, the Camerlengo traditionally slips the ring on the ring finger of the new pope's right hand. Benedict XVI had the dean of the College of Cardinals, Angelo Sodano, give him the ring, which he then placed upon himself. Pope Francis was bestowed his ring by Sodano at his installation.

Destruction

Upon the death of a pope, the camerlengo ceremonially destroys the ring (as well as the bulla) using a hammer in the presence of the College of Cardinals. This ritual originated as a means to prevent the issuance of forged documents during the sede vacante. The broken Fisherman's Ring of Pius IX is part of the Alice and Louis Koch Collection of 2,500 rings at the Swiss National Museum in Zurich.

Upon the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 (the first papal resignation in more than six hundred years), Benedict's signet ring was not destroyed, but was instead defaced by applying two deep cuts in the shape of a cross using a chisel.